MORE EVENTS LEADING TO CIVIL WAR
UNCLE TOM'S CABIN: Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, its portrayal of southern treatment of slaves angered southerners.
"THE LIBERATOR": Militant abolitionist paper whose editor was William Lloyd Garrison
LEADERS OF SLAVE REVOLTS: Gabriel Prosser, Nat Turner, Denmark Vesey
ABOLITIONISTS: James G. Birney, Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison
"BLEEDING KANSAS":
JOHN BROWN'S RAID:
DRED SCOTT DECISION, 1857: Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, a southerner, wrote this decision, hoping to end the debate over slavery; instead, he only inflamed it more. By a 7 to 2 decsion, the Supreme Court ruled that slaves were not citizens, therefore, Dred Scott could not sue in a federal court. It also ruled that slaves are property and because of that, the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was unconstitutional because it prevented slave owners from taking their slaves above 36 degrees, 30 minutes latitude.
CIVIL WAR
South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union (United States) if Abraham Lincoln was elected President. As you know, he was elected in 1860. By April, 1861, eleven southern states had seceded. They had created the CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA or the Confederacy as the new nation. The first capital of the Confederacy was MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA. JEFFERSON DAVIS was elected at the President of the Confederacy and Alexander Stephens as Vice-President. Later, the capital is moved to Richmond, Virginia.
FIRING ON FORT SUMTER, April,1861: This starts the Civil War, also called the War Between the States. Ft. Sumter is located in Charleston, South Carolina and was a federal fort.
LINCOLN'S REASON FOR FIGHTING IN 1861: To preserve the Union; With the issuing of the EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION in 1863, the purpose for fighting became to END SLAVERY.
ROBERT E. LEE: Is appointed as the commander of the Army of Northern Virginia and is recognized as the foremost Confederate general of the Civil War.
ULYSSES S. GRANT: Eventually becomes commander of the Union forces. He will accept Lee's surrender at Appomattox.
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, 1863: Lincoln's proclamation that all slaves in states now under the control of Union forces were free. This now changes the Union's reason for fighting to being to preserve the Union and to end slavery.
APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE, April, 1865: Where General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant, ENDING THE CIVIL WAR
LINCOLN'S ASSASSINATION: April, 14, 1865: John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C. as Lincoln and his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, were attending a play, "Our American Cousin." Lincoln died early the next morning. This will be the worst thing that could have happened to the South.
RECONSTRUCTION: The name given to the period when defeated southern states were being reconstructed politically, socially, and economically. This period started while the war was being fought, but the official dates for it are 1865-1877. There were two periods of Reconstruction: PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION and CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION.
Monday, November 26, 2012
KEY EVENTS LEADING TO THE CIVIL WAR
It is important to remember that the tariff was an issue between various sections of the country during the first half of the 1800s. In other words, slavery was not the only issue to divide the sections.
MISSOURI COMPROMISE, 1820: Would admit Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state; would keep balance in the Senate at 12 for each section; slavery will be prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of the line of 36 degrees, 30 minutes, which is the southern boundary of Missouri; Jefferson referred to it as the "knell of the Union." This compromise was largely the work of Henry Clay.
TARIFF OF 1828, also known as the TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS: Very high tariff, 45 percent on some manufactured goods; sutherners very angry; South Carolina leaders attacked it and the SC legislature issued the SOUTH CAROLINA EXPOSITION that denounced the tariff as unconstitutional and called upon the states to NULLIFY it. Secretly written by John C. Calhoun. Only SC supported it but it shows division among the sections.
WEBSTER-HAYNE DEBATE: Sectionalism is certainly seen in these debates.....It started over the issue of the sale of western lands but evolved into a debate over the union versus states' rights. It also pointed out the growing differences between Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun
JACKSON'S ATTACK ON THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES: Jackson's taking government funds out of the BUS and distributing in what become known as his "Pet Banks" will eventually result in the PANIC OF 1837, along with other causes, which President Van Buren will have to deal with.
WHIG PARTY formed from those who oppose Jackson.
ELECTION OF 1836: Martin Van Buren, Democrat, elected; defeated Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison
ELECTION OF 1840: Whigs elect William Henry Harrison; he dies shortly; Vice-president John Tyler, becomes President. He was NOT strong Whig. This was the first election to experience a mass turnout.
ELECTION OF 1844: Democrats elect James K. Polk who supports expansion: the annexation of Texas and expansion into Oregon; Henry Clay was defeated; he opposed expansion.
MANIFEST DESTINY: that growing belief in the 1840s that the U.S. was destined to expand to the Pacific Ocean
MEXICAN WAR, 1846-48: Treaty of Guadalupe gave the U.S. the Rio Grande River as the southern boundary of Texas, California, the area that is today New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. The U.S. would make a payment to Mexico. Whigs opposed the Senate ratification for fear of expansion of slavery into the new territories.
WILMOT PROVISO: attempted to prevent the extension of slavery into the lands acquired fromMexico. Southern senators blocked its passage; Increases division between the sections.
ELECTION OF 1848: Whigs elect Zachary Taylor, having passed over Henry Clay as their candidate. Very close election due to the Free-soil party splitting the vote. Taylor will later die in office and Millard Fillmore became President. This will contribute to the passage of the Compromise of 1850.
FREE-SOIL PARTY: formed by anti-slavery men from the north who opposed Zachary Taylor. Made up of these Whigs and Democrats. Chose Martin Van Buren as their candidate who campaigned on the slogan, "Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men." Again, you can see the slavery issue is divisive.
GOLD DISCOVERED IN CALIFORNIA IN 1848
COMPROMISE OF 1850: California had applied for statehood as a free state in 1849. Southerners oppose b/c this would upset the 15 to 15 balance in the Senate. Southerners were feeling that they were losing territory into which slavery could be extended; of course, those who oppose slavery support this. Northerners have continued to call for the ABOLITION OF SLAVERY in the District of Columbia, and this angers southerners. The UNDERGROUND RAILROAD is helping more and more slaves escape from the South. Southerners want a stronger FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW.
When California applied for statehood, the issue of slavery would now have to be debated in the U.S. Congress. Henry Clay once again stepped in and offered a compromise, the Compromise of 1850.
Key Provisions: California to be admitted as a FREE state; the slave trade would be outlawed in the Disrict of Columbia but slavery allowed; a FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW was established; Texas gave up some claims in the New Mexico Territory and received monetary compensation.
Many believed the North won in this; the Fugitive Slave Law was not enforced.
ELECTION OF 1852: Democrats nominate Franklin Pierce who was a pro-southern northerner which makes him acceptable to the slavery wing of the Democratic Party. Whigs nominate Winfield Scott. The Whig Party split. Pierce won by a landslide. This election ended the Whigs as an organized political party. Both Henry Clay and Daniel Webster had died during this campaign.
Following this election, the political parties are said to have become "sectional parties."
OTHER ISSUES: Problems with Britain in Central America, problems with Spain over Cuba, establishnent of a trade agreement with Japan in the Treaty of Kanagawa.
KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT: Proposed by Stephen A. Douglas; he proposed that the Nebraska Territory be divided into two territories of Kansas and Nebraska. Said the slavery issue would be settled by "POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY," meaning the people would decided by voting. South sees a chance for slavery to be extended into an area they had never considered, that being Kansas. Would be a violation of the Missouri Compromise; President Pierce supported; the bill PASSED. Will end enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law and the Missouri Compromise.
This will greatly damage the Democrat Party, dividing it into Northern Democrats and Southern Democrats, and will also lead to the creation of the REPUBLICAN PARTY and the KNOW-NOTHING PARTY.
ELECTION OF 1856: Democrats are able to elect James Buchanan as President.
ELECTION OF 1860: Republican, ABRAHAM LINCOLN ELECTED.
MISSOURI COMPROMISE, 1820: Would admit Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state; would keep balance in the Senate at 12 for each section; slavery will be prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of the line of 36 degrees, 30 minutes, which is the southern boundary of Missouri; Jefferson referred to it as the "knell of the Union." This compromise was largely the work of Henry Clay.
TARIFF OF 1828, also known as the TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS: Very high tariff, 45 percent on some manufactured goods; sutherners very angry; South Carolina leaders attacked it and the SC legislature issued the SOUTH CAROLINA EXPOSITION that denounced the tariff as unconstitutional and called upon the states to NULLIFY it. Secretly written by John C. Calhoun. Only SC supported it but it shows division among the sections.
WEBSTER-HAYNE DEBATE: Sectionalism is certainly seen in these debates.....It started over the issue of the sale of western lands but evolved into a debate over the union versus states' rights. It also pointed out the growing differences between Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun
JACKSON'S ATTACK ON THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES: Jackson's taking government funds out of the BUS and distributing in what become known as his "Pet Banks" will eventually result in the PANIC OF 1837, along with other causes, which President Van Buren will have to deal with.
WHIG PARTY formed from those who oppose Jackson.
ELECTION OF 1836: Martin Van Buren, Democrat, elected; defeated Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison
ELECTION OF 1840: Whigs elect William Henry Harrison; he dies shortly; Vice-president John Tyler, becomes President. He was NOT strong Whig. This was the first election to experience a mass turnout.
ELECTION OF 1844: Democrats elect James K. Polk who supports expansion: the annexation of Texas and expansion into Oregon; Henry Clay was defeated; he opposed expansion.
MANIFEST DESTINY: that growing belief in the 1840s that the U.S. was destined to expand to the Pacific Ocean
MEXICAN WAR, 1846-48: Treaty of Guadalupe gave the U.S. the Rio Grande River as the southern boundary of Texas, California, the area that is today New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. The U.S. would make a payment to Mexico. Whigs opposed the Senate ratification for fear of expansion of slavery into the new territories.
WILMOT PROVISO: attempted to prevent the extension of slavery into the lands acquired fromMexico. Southern senators blocked its passage; Increases division between the sections.
ELECTION OF 1848: Whigs elect Zachary Taylor, having passed over Henry Clay as their candidate. Very close election due to the Free-soil party splitting the vote. Taylor will later die in office and Millard Fillmore became President. This will contribute to the passage of the Compromise of 1850.
FREE-SOIL PARTY: formed by anti-slavery men from the north who opposed Zachary Taylor. Made up of these Whigs and Democrats. Chose Martin Van Buren as their candidate who campaigned on the slogan, "Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men." Again, you can see the slavery issue is divisive.
GOLD DISCOVERED IN CALIFORNIA IN 1848
COMPROMISE OF 1850: California had applied for statehood as a free state in 1849. Southerners oppose b/c this would upset the 15 to 15 balance in the Senate. Southerners were feeling that they were losing territory into which slavery could be extended; of course, those who oppose slavery support this. Northerners have continued to call for the ABOLITION OF SLAVERY in the District of Columbia, and this angers southerners. The UNDERGROUND RAILROAD is helping more and more slaves escape from the South. Southerners want a stronger FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW.
When California applied for statehood, the issue of slavery would now have to be debated in the U.S. Congress. Henry Clay once again stepped in and offered a compromise, the Compromise of 1850.
Key Provisions: California to be admitted as a FREE state; the slave trade would be outlawed in the Disrict of Columbia but slavery allowed; a FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW was established; Texas gave up some claims in the New Mexico Territory and received monetary compensation.
Many believed the North won in this; the Fugitive Slave Law was not enforced.
ELECTION OF 1852: Democrats nominate Franklin Pierce who was a pro-southern northerner which makes him acceptable to the slavery wing of the Democratic Party. Whigs nominate Winfield Scott. The Whig Party split. Pierce won by a landslide. This election ended the Whigs as an organized political party. Both Henry Clay and Daniel Webster had died during this campaign.
Following this election, the political parties are said to have become "sectional parties."
OTHER ISSUES: Problems with Britain in Central America, problems with Spain over Cuba, establishnent of a trade agreement with Japan in the Treaty of Kanagawa.
KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT: Proposed by Stephen A. Douglas; he proposed that the Nebraska Territory be divided into two territories of Kansas and Nebraska. Said the slavery issue would be settled by "POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY," meaning the people would decided by voting. South sees a chance for slavery to be extended into an area they had never considered, that being Kansas. Would be a violation of the Missouri Compromise; President Pierce supported; the bill PASSED. Will end enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law and the Missouri Compromise.
This will greatly damage the Democrat Party, dividing it into Northern Democrats and Southern Democrats, and will also lead to the creation of the REPUBLICAN PARTY and the KNOW-NOTHING PARTY.
ELECTION OF 1856: Democrats are able to elect James Buchanan as President.
ELECTION OF 1860: Republican, ABRAHAM LINCOLN ELECTED.
Monday, November 5, 2012
NOTES: 11/5/2012
The focus of these notes will be the key events leading to the Civil War, some being more influential than others.
ELECTION OF 1816: Rufus King will be the last Federalist candidate and was defeated easily. James Monroe, the Republican candidate, another Virginian, was elected. This will initiate the "ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS" AND one-party government.
There was a very strong NATIONALISTIC feeling in the U.S. following the War of 1812 as many Americans felt the U.S. had won that war. Evidence of this nationalism was President Madison's call in his last annual message to Congress in 1815 in which he stressed the need for strong national defenses, protection for manufacturers, and construction of internal improvements such as roads and canals.
Congress will authorize a standing army of 10,000 men and $8,000,000 for new ships. Also passed the Tariff Act of 1816 to protect U.S. manufacturers......congress re-charters the Bank of the United States.
Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun will strongly promote internal improvements. Madison believed in this need but he did not believe the federal government had the authority to set aside monies for this purpose. John C. Calhoun had proposed monies in the BONUS BILL.
IMPORTANT UNDERSTANDING: Chief Justice John Marshall was responsible for rulings that greatly increased the power of the federal government.
States do begin to build roads, but most roads in this period were muddy and dusty, especially those in the West.
New states are being created: Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama (1819).
Americans are moving westward....one in four lived west of the Appalachian Mts. by 1820.
ADAMS-ONIS TREATY, 1819......Spain ceded all its territory east of the Mississippi.....the treaty also fixed a boundary line between all Spanish and American land claims west of the Mississippi in a step look up to the 42nd parallel and westward to the Pacific.
PANIC OF 1819.......leads to a depression....main cause was overexpansion of credit to buy western lands......it hurt the West the most and the poorer in the country.
ELECTION OF 1820.....Monroe re-elected
Republican Party will begin to split by the end of Monroe's presidency.
SECTIONALISM growing due to different economic interests.....Example: Tariff of 1816 was opposed by the South and Southwest; New England states, middle states, and west support it.
Slavery was increasingly becoming an issue for the nation. The TALLMADGE AMENDMENT, introduced in the H.of R. proposed that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri and children born to slaves should gradually be EMANCIPATED. The Senate defeated the amendment.
MISSOURI COMPROMISE, 1820.....Very important!!!!!! Largely the work of Henry Clay....it would admit Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state....this would keep the balanced in the Senate.....Slavery was to be prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of the line 36 degrees, 30 minutes.......It was passed.
MONROE DOCTRINE, 1823: Very important.....READ!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ELECTION OF 1824: John Quincy Adams elected......Angers Andrew Jackson's supporters.
TARIFF OF 1828 OR TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS.....South disliked it.....Results in South Carolina issuing the SOUTH CAROLINA EXPOSITION denouncing the tariff as unconstitutional and called upon the states to NULLIFY it. Secretly written by John C. Calhoun......Only supported by South Carolina.
ELECTION OF 1828: Andrew Jackson elected.....a very dirty campaign.....the COMMON MAN had elected Jackson....Jackson will increase the power of the presidency more than any president before him......Democratic-Republican Party splits into the NATIONAL REPUBLICAN OF Adams and Clay and the Democratic-Republican Party of Calhoun, Jackson, and Martin Van Buren.
JACKSON'S PRESIDENCY:
1. Great use of Spoils System
2. Webster-Hayne Debates, 1830
3. Re-elected in 1832 by defeating Henry Clay....First third political party introduced: Anti-Masonic Party....Nominating conventions introduced to nominate candidates rather that party caucuses.....Formal party platforms adopted by the Anti-masons and National Republicans
4. Removal of the five civilized tribes to the West
5. Democratic-Republicans become the Democrats
6. Whig Party begins due to the nullification crisis and the Bank war. Made up of those who opposed Jackson....Led by Henry Clay and DANIEL WEBSTER.
7. Veto of BUS re-charter bill (sponsored by Henry Clay); Jackson does not like Henry Clay and does not like the Bank of the United States.
8. Tariff of 1832 (MUST READ ABOUT).....Increases South Carolina opposition.....NULLIFICATION proposed again
ELECTION OF 1836: Whigs have several candidates; Democrats nominate Maring Van Buren who will be elected by an overwhelming electoral vote but narrow popular vote......He was Jackson's hand-picked successor.
ELECTION OF 1840: Whigs nominate WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON with JOHN TYLER as his running mate....FIRST ELECTION to experience a MASS TURNOUT. Harrison WON. Harrison dies after one month in office due to pneumonia. TYLER comes PRESIDENT.
TYLER'S PRESIDENCY: Tyler was NOT a strong Whig and he and Clay strongly disagree and Tyler will continually oppose Henry Clay with the exception of the Tariff of 1842.
The Democratic Party becomes more and more a southern party during Tyler's presidency. Whigs are more northern.
The focus of these notes will be the key events leading to the Civil War, some being more influential than others.
ELECTION OF 1816: Rufus King will be the last Federalist candidate and was defeated easily. James Monroe, the Republican candidate, another Virginian, was elected. This will initiate the "ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS" AND one-party government.
There was a very strong NATIONALISTIC feeling in the U.S. following the War of 1812 as many Americans felt the U.S. had won that war. Evidence of this nationalism was President Madison's call in his last annual message to Congress in 1815 in which he stressed the need for strong national defenses, protection for manufacturers, and construction of internal improvements such as roads and canals.
Congress will authorize a standing army of 10,000 men and $8,000,000 for new ships. Also passed the Tariff Act of 1816 to protect U.S. manufacturers......congress re-charters the Bank of the United States.
Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun will strongly promote internal improvements. Madison believed in this need but he did not believe the federal government had the authority to set aside monies for this purpose. John C. Calhoun had proposed monies in the BONUS BILL.
IMPORTANT UNDERSTANDING: Chief Justice John Marshall was responsible for rulings that greatly increased the power of the federal government.
States do begin to build roads, but most roads in this period were muddy and dusty, especially those in the West.
New states are being created: Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama (1819).
Americans are moving westward....one in four lived west of the Appalachian Mts. by 1820.
ADAMS-ONIS TREATY, 1819......Spain ceded all its territory east of the Mississippi.....the treaty also fixed a boundary line between all Spanish and American land claims west of the Mississippi in a step look up to the 42nd parallel and westward to the Pacific.
PANIC OF 1819.......leads to a depression....main cause was overexpansion of credit to buy western lands......it hurt the West the most and the poorer in the country.
ELECTION OF 1820.....Monroe re-elected
Republican Party will begin to split by the end of Monroe's presidency.
SECTIONALISM growing due to different economic interests.....Example: Tariff of 1816 was opposed by the South and Southwest; New England states, middle states, and west support it.
Slavery was increasingly becoming an issue for the nation. The TALLMADGE AMENDMENT, introduced in the H.of R. proposed that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri and children born to slaves should gradually be EMANCIPATED. The Senate defeated the amendment.
MISSOURI COMPROMISE, 1820.....Very important!!!!!! Largely the work of Henry Clay....it would admit Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state....this would keep the balanced in the Senate.....Slavery was to be prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of the line 36 degrees, 30 minutes.......It was passed.
MONROE DOCTRINE, 1823: Very important.....READ!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ELECTION OF 1824: John Quincy Adams elected......Angers Andrew Jackson's supporters.
TARIFF OF 1828 OR TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS.....South disliked it.....Results in South Carolina issuing the SOUTH CAROLINA EXPOSITION denouncing the tariff as unconstitutional and called upon the states to NULLIFY it. Secretly written by John C. Calhoun......Only supported by South Carolina.
ELECTION OF 1828: Andrew Jackson elected.....a very dirty campaign.....the COMMON MAN had elected Jackson....Jackson will increase the power of the presidency more than any president before him......Democratic-Republican Party splits into the NATIONAL REPUBLICAN OF Adams and Clay and the Democratic-Republican Party of Calhoun, Jackson, and Martin Van Buren.
JACKSON'S PRESIDENCY:
1. Great use of Spoils System
2. Webster-Hayne Debates, 1830
3. Re-elected in 1832 by defeating Henry Clay....First third political party introduced: Anti-Masonic Party....Nominating conventions introduced to nominate candidates rather that party caucuses.....Formal party platforms adopted by the Anti-masons and National Republicans
4. Removal of the five civilized tribes to the West
5. Democratic-Republicans become the Democrats
6. Whig Party begins due to the nullification crisis and the Bank war. Made up of those who opposed Jackson....Led by Henry Clay and DANIEL WEBSTER.
7. Veto of BUS re-charter bill (sponsored by Henry Clay); Jackson does not like Henry Clay and does not like the Bank of the United States.
8. Tariff of 1832 (MUST READ ABOUT).....Increases South Carolina opposition.....NULLIFICATION proposed again
ELECTION OF 1836: Whigs have several candidates; Democrats nominate Maring Van Buren who will be elected by an overwhelming electoral vote but narrow popular vote......He was Jackson's hand-picked successor.
ELECTION OF 1840: Whigs nominate WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON with JOHN TYLER as his running mate....FIRST ELECTION to experience a MASS TURNOUT. Harrison WON. Harrison dies after one month in office due to pneumonia. TYLER comes PRESIDENT.
TYLER'S PRESIDENCY: Tyler was NOT a strong Whig and he and Clay strongly disagree and Tyler will continually oppose Henry Clay with the exception of the Tariff of 1842.
The Democratic Party becomes more and more a southern party during Tyler's presidency. Whigs are more northern.
Sunday, November 4, 2012
NOTES: 11/4/2012
Election of 1800: Republican candidates were Thomas Jefferson(President) and Aaron Burr(V.P). Federalist candidate for President was John Adams; Federalists were split b/c adams would not go to war with France; the election resulted in a tie in the electoral vote between Jefferson and Burr.....note they were of the same party.....Under the constitution at that time, each elector was to vote for two candidates, but it did not specify that one vote was for President and the other was for Vice-president. According to the constitution, the House of Representatives has to decide who will be president; it was controlled by the Federlists......the House chose Jefferson; Hamilton worked against Burr. Burr became vice-president.
Key Events of Jefferson's Presidency:
(1) Judiciary Act of 1801 was the first important piece of legislation passed by the Federalist congress. Jefferson attempted to block some of the appointments that resulted from this act. His efforts resulted in a MOST IMPORTANT Supreme Court case, MARBURY v. MADISON. Chief Justice, JOHN MARSHALL, a Federalist, ruled against Marbury, but in doing so, he assigned teh Supreme Court the power of JUDICIAL REVIEW. Is important b/c it strenthens the power of the Supreme Court and the Federal Government.
(2) Tripolitan War, 1801-1803:
(3) Louisiana Purchase, 1803: U.S. bought from France......Napoleon was emperor of France....bought for $15 million....Question arose as to whether or not the President could negotiae treaties.....Jefferson will loosely interpret the Constitution to do this which is different from his earlier stance on interpretation.....the Senate ratified the treaty.....this purchase doubled the size of the United States, extending the U.S. western boundary to the Rocky Mountains and north of Spanish territory in Texas (Tejas).
(4) Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1805; opened the West to Indian trade and exploration and this gives the U.S. a claim to Oregon.
(5) War between Britain and France started in 1803......Britain would stop U.S. ships to inspect for arms and deserters and IMPRESSED U.S. sailors. Jefferson's response was non-importation laws that banned certain British goods.
(6) Chesapeake-Leopard Incident, 1807: resulted from the British effort to board and search the USS Chesapeake at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay which is in U.S. waters. The HMS Leopard fired on the Chesapeake when the Chesapeake's captain refused to allow the search, killing 3 Americans and wounding 18; Chesapeake surrendered; Americans demand war; Jefferson will not call for war.
(7). Embargo Act of 1807: Was Jefferson's response to the war between Britain and France. Referred to in a cartoon at OGRABME.....It prohibited international trade from American ports. It severely hurts the American economy.....New England, South, and West hurt....Depression and unemployment result....Will split Republican party.....the Federalists had become a very weak party, but this gives them a new lease on life......Act repealed by Congress in 1809......WAS JEFFERSON'S WORST MISTAKE.
(8) 1804....Jefferson and the Republicans attempted to re-shape the Supreme Court.......House of Represented IMPEACHED justice SAMUEL CHASE.......Senate refused to convict Chase. The Republicans had failed to re-shape the Supreme Court in order to meet their needs.....This stopped Jefferson's efforts to pack the Court with Republican justices......maintained the independence of the judiciary and was a victory for SEPARATION OF POWERS.
ELECTION OF 1808: Nation in depression......Republicans choose James Madison, Sec. of State under Jefferson......Madison won easily....Most Federalist support in New England states.
KEY EVENTS OF MADISON'S PRESIDENCY
(1) Indian troubles in the West......Battle of Tippecanoe and William Henry Harrison
(2) Birth of the War Hawks, Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun were two key war hawks.....will support war with Britain and Spain.....were from south and west.....want to expand U.S. territory by taking Canada and Spanish Florida
(3) Election of 1812.....Madison re-elected
(4) WAR OF 1812.....U.S. declares war on Britain....Causes were freedom of the seas and impressment....Country divided over war.....Republican Pary will split.....a peace faction and a war faction......U.S.not prepared....Army and Navy weak, treasury almost empty and no centralized banking system.....Bank charter had expired....BE FAMILIAR WITH THE WAR.... READ!!!!....Key individuals: Oliver Hazard Perry, William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, Francis Scott Key; KEY BATTLES: Lake Erie, Battle of Thames, Horseshoe Bend, Washington D.C. burned, Baltimore, NEW ORLEANS.
RESULTS: U.S. gained respect as a nation.....Nationalism and patriotism increased, American economy improved.....Indian resistance in Northwest and Southwest broken.....HARTFORD CONVENTION.....Federalist Party further weakened due to their opposition to the war.....Republicans strengthened.
(5) A very important asset to Madison was his wife, Dolly.
Election of 1800: Republican candidates were Thomas Jefferson(President) and Aaron Burr(V.P). Federalist candidate for President was John Adams; Federalists were split b/c adams would not go to war with France; the election resulted in a tie in the electoral vote between Jefferson and Burr.....note they were of the same party.....Under the constitution at that time, each elector was to vote for two candidates, but it did not specify that one vote was for President and the other was for Vice-president. According to the constitution, the House of Representatives has to decide who will be president; it was controlled by the Federlists......the House chose Jefferson; Hamilton worked against Burr. Burr became vice-president.
Key Events of Jefferson's Presidency:
(1) Judiciary Act of 1801 was the first important piece of legislation passed by the Federalist congress. Jefferson attempted to block some of the appointments that resulted from this act. His efforts resulted in a MOST IMPORTANT Supreme Court case, MARBURY v. MADISON. Chief Justice, JOHN MARSHALL, a Federalist, ruled against Marbury, but in doing so, he assigned teh Supreme Court the power of JUDICIAL REVIEW. Is important b/c it strenthens the power of the Supreme Court and the Federal Government.
(2) Tripolitan War, 1801-1803:
(3) Louisiana Purchase, 1803: U.S. bought from France......Napoleon was emperor of France....bought for $15 million....Question arose as to whether or not the President could negotiae treaties.....Jefferson will loosely interpret the Constitution to do this which is different from his earlier stance on interpretation.....the Senate ratified the treaty.....this purchase doubled the size of the United States, extending the U.S. western boundary to the Rocky Mountains and north of Spanish territory in Texas (Tejas).
(4) Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1805; opened the West to Indian trade and exploration and this gives the U.S. a claim to Oregon.
(5) War between Britain and France started in 1803......Britain would stop U.S. ships to inspect for arms and deserters and IMPRESSED U.S. sailors. Jefferson's response was non-importation laws that banned certain British goods.
(6) Chesapeake-Leopard Incident, 1807: resulted from the British effort to board and search the USS Chesapeake at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay which is in U.S. waters. The HMS Leopard fired on the Chesapeake when the Chesapeake's captain refused to allow the search, killing 3 Americans and wounding 18; Chesapeake surrendered; Americans demand war; Jefferson will not call for war.
(7). Embargo Act of 1807: Was Jefferson's response to the war between Britain and France. Referred to in a cartoon at OGRABME.....It prohibited international trade from American ports. It severely hurts the American economy.....New England, South, and West hurt....Depression and unemployment result....Will split Republican party.....the Federalists had become a very weak party, but this gives them a new lease on life......Act repealed by Congress in 1809......WAS JEFFERSON'S WORST MISTAKE.
(8) 1804....Jefferson and the Republicans attempted to re-shape the Supreme Court.......House of Represented IMPEACHED justice SAMUEL CHASE.......Senate refused to convict Chase. The Republicans had failed to re-shape the Supreme Court in order to meet their needs.....This stopped Jefferson's efforts to pack the Court with Republican justices......maintained the independence of the judiciary and was a victory for SEPARATION OF POWERS.
ELECTION OF 1808: Nation in depression......Republicans choose James Madison, Sec. of State under Jefferson......Madison won easily....Most Federalist support in New England states.
KEY EVENTS OF MADISON'S PRESIDENCY
(1) Indian troubles in the West......Battle of Tippecanoe and William Henry Harrison
(2) Birth of the War Hawks, Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun were two key war hawks.....will support war with Britain and Spain.....were from south and west.....want to expand U.S. territory by taking Canada and Spanish Florida
(3) Election of 1812.....Madison re-elected
(4) WAR OF 1812.....U.S. declares war on Britain....Causes were freedom of the seas and impressment....Country divided over war.....Republican Pary will split.....a peace faction and a war faction......U.S.not prepared....Army and Navy weak, treasury almost empty and no centralized banking system.....Bank charter had expired....BE FAMILIAR WITH THE WAR.... READ!!!!....Key individuals: Oliver Hazard Perry, William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, Francis Scott Key; KEY BATTLES: Lake Erie, Battle of Thames, Horseshoe Bend, Washington D.C. burned, Baltimore, NEW ORLEANS.
RESULTS: U.S. gained respect as a nation.....Nationalism and patriotism increased, American economy improved.....Indian resistance in Northwest and Southwest broken.....HARTFORD CONVENTION.....Federalist Party further weakened due to their opposition to the war.....Republicans strengthened.
(5) A very important asset to Madison was his wife, Dolly.
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