CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION

CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION

 

 

 

During the period of slavery in the United States, there were three noteworthy planned slave rebellions or actual rebellions:

Gabriel Prosser’s Rebellion, 1800

• Was a planned rebellion by Gabriel.
• It failed as what he planned was revealed before the revolt could occur
• He was caught and hanged.

Denmark Vesey’s Conspiracy, 1822

• This was a planned rebellion intended to take over the city of Charleston, South Carolina; a loyal slave told his owner about it.
• Charleston authorities arrested Vesey and 36 who planned to help him and they were hanged after a quick trial.
• Vesey became a hero.

Nat Turner Rebellion: 

• On August 22, 1831, Turner and 6 friends went on a rampage.   They took an ax to their master’s head, Joseph Travis.  By noon had slaughtered 57 whites.  All but Turner were captured or killed the next day.  Turner was captured after 10 weeks of hiding and was hanged o November 11, his body skinned, beheaded, and quartered.

Southerners blamed black writers and abolitionists for the slave uprisings.

• 1829, David Walker, who was born free, lived in Boston and published, Appeal . . .to the Coloured Citizens of the World.  It was calling upon slaves to rebel.
• 1831, William Lloyd Garrison who was a white abolitionist from Boston published his first issue of his paper, “The Liberator.”  In it, he called for an end to slavery.

 

LEADING ABOLITIONISTS OF THE ANTEBELLUM (Pre-Civil War) PERIOD (These are but a few.)

• William Lloyd Garrison:  Google him
• David Walker:  Google him
• Sojourner Truth:  Google her
• Martin Delaney, a black leader who advocated re-colonization to Africa.
• Frederick Douglas, is considered the greatest of black abolitionists
• Reverend Elijah Lovejoy:  was murdered by a pro-slavery mob in 1837 when he defended his anti-slavery newspaper, “The Saint Louis Observer” and this strengthens the abolitionist cause
• Harriett Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Harriet Tubman;  a key “conductor” of the Underground Railroad, a network of hiding places for escaped slaves from the South who were attempting to escape to the North or Canada. 

 

ELECTION OF 1856

• Republicans nominated Captain John C. Fremont; their platform was against the extension of slavery into the territories
• Democrats nominated James Buchanan; their platform supported popular sovereignty
• American or Know-Nothing party nominated Millard Fillmore; this party was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant; the party split when the most of the northerners walked out due to the Know-Nothings endorsement of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
• Buchanan elected because of very strong sectional divisions; will be the last Democrat President for 28 years.

 

ELECTION OF 1860

o       Republicans: Nominated Abraham Lincoln

o       Supported non-extension of slavery, protective tariff, immigrant rights, a Pacific railroad, internal improvements, free homesteads

o       Democrats: Met in Charleston, South Carolina; deeply divided

o       Southern democrats walk out of convention; don’t like Stephen A. Douglas who was the leading candidate

o       Hold a second convention in Baltimore, Maryland; southern dems walk out again;  Douglas nominated

o       Southern Democrats will meet and nominate John C. Breckinridge, a moderate from Kentucky

o       Democrats support popular sovereignty and to appease southern democrats, they would not obstruct the Fugitive Slave Law

o       Constitutional Union :  Nominated John Bell of Tennessee

o       Organized by angry southern Democrats

o       Favored extension of slavery into the territories and the annexation of Cuba

o       Made up of former Whigs and Know-Nothings

o       Strongly supported the Union

o       Democrats very divided

o       In the South, there were those who supported secession and let it be known that if Lincoln was elected it would break up the Union

o       LINCOLN WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT as a minority president.

o       DECEMBER, 1860:  SOUTH CAROLINA VOTED TO SECEDE and six other states will follow over the next six weeks.

 

February, 1861:  seven southern states that had seceded met in MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA and formed the CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA  and elected JEFFERSON DAVIS AS PRESIDENT and ALEXANDER STEPHENS as Vice-President.  James Buchanan was still President at this time; he did not believe the southern states could legally secede but he could find no authority in the Constitution to stop them and he was not willing to use force.

 

Lincoln will take office in March 4, 1861.  He said there would be no conflict unless the South provoked it; neither did he believe the South could secede.

 

Crittenden Compromise:   an effort to end secession and stop war:  READ ABOUT IT; Lincoln will reject this compromise; With his rejection it is said that all hope of compromise was lost

 

 

It will be the matter of the federal forts in the South that will bring the issue to the point of war.  When Lincoln decided to re-supply the federal fort in Charleston, SC, the south sees this as reinforcement of the fort. 

 

Eventually ELEVEN southern states will secede.

 

WAR STARTED on April 12, 1861 when the federal fort in the harbor at Charleston, SC, FORT SUMTER, was fired upon by cadets from the Citadel in Charleston.  Lincoln will declare an insurrection in the South.  HIS REASON FOR FIGHTING WILL BE TO PRESERVE THE UNION.  He did not fight to end slavery at this time.

 

Lincoln called for 75 thousand militiamen; Lincoln also ordered a blockade of southern ports.  With Lincoln’s actions, the South saw this as Lincoln waging war on the Confederacy. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina will secede and now there are ELEVEN Confederate states. 

 

RICHMOND, VIRGINIA REPLACES MONTGOMERY AS THE CAPITAL OF THE CONFEDERACY.

 

CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA:  South Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, Florida

 

The border states of Missouri, Delaware, West Virginia, Maryland, and Kentucky became very important to Lincoln; he did not want them to secede; they would give the South some very important advantages; Causes Lincoln to maintain that his purpose for fighting is to preserve the Union. 

 

The South’s greatest advantage was that it did not have to fight outside of its own soil and the South also had the most talented military leadership.  ROBERT E. LEE and THOMAS J. (STONEWALL) JACKSON WERE TWO OF THESE.

 

SOUTH’S GREATEST WEAKNESS WAS IT’S ECONOMY. 

 

FIRST MAJOR BATTLE:  Bull Run in Virginia; was a southern victory.

 

Lincoln gives command of the Army of the Potomac to General George B. McClellan who will finally decide to attack Richmond, but Lee drives McClellan’s forces back  to the sea; key battles in this were the Seven Days’ Battles, June 26-July 2, 1862. 

 

Results in the Union now changing its military strategy. 

 

The first metal ships, the Confederate ironclad, the “Virginia,” formerly the “Merrimack” and the Union ironclad, the “Monitor,” fought on March 9, 1862, with neither winning. 

 

After the Second Battle of Bull Run, lee decides to move to Maryland and at the Battle of ANTIETAM, Lee was stopped.  This was a pivotal battle in the Civil War.  Neither side won, but it results in the British and French deciding not to assist the South and it results in LINCOLN ISSUING THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION ON JANUARY 1, 1863. 

 

*****READ ABOUT THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION:  it will actually free only the slaves in those states that had seceded and had not yet been controlled by the Union army; the Union army had no power in these states to enforce the proclamation. 

 

The Emancipation Proclamation changed the Union’s reason for fighting,  It now became also to end slavery. 

 

Lincoln will replace General McClellan with General A. E. Burnside as commander of the Army of the Potomac.  Lincoln will change this command several times as the commanders would not lead as Lincoln felt they should.  Lincoln will finally settle on General Ulysses S. Grant and that makes a major difference for the Union army.  Grant will fight!!!

 

General Lee won a major victory for the South at Chancellorsville, but lost Stonewall Jackson who was shot by one of his own men who thought Jackson was an enemy soldier.  Lee said, “I have lost my right arm.”

 

There are considered to be two “turning point” battles of the Civil War.  They are:

1.      Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863

2.      Vicksburg, July 4, 1863 (This was after a long siege of Vicksburg which is located on the Mississippi River.  This was part of the Union army’s strategy to divide the South into two parts. 

3.      Both of the above battles will be Union victories and will change the course of the war.

 

ELECTION OF 1864:  Lincoln re-elected as President

 

One of the Union’s key generals was William Tecumseh Sherman.  Sherman will lead the infamous march across Georgia.  In September, 1864, he took Atlanta.  The South lost a key industrial city with Atlanta’s fall.  Sherman then began his march to the sea and left a path of destruction 60 miles wide and 300 miles long from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia.  His purpose was to cut the upper South from the lower South.

 

After a series of horribly bloody battles around the Confederate capital of Richmond in 1864-1865, General Lee will SURRENDER TO GRANT AT APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE, VIRGINIA ON APRIL 9, 1865.  Grant said, “The war is over; the rebels are our countrymen again.”  Grant was very generous in his surrender terms to General Lee and his soldiers.

 

Lincoln went to Richmond and walked through the city which had been devastated from the fighting.  It is said that freed slaves began to recognize him and ran to see and touch him.  One black man fell to his knees before him, and Lincoln said to him, “Don’t kneel to me.  This is not right.  You must kneel to God only, and thank Him for the liberty you will enjoy hereafter.”

 

Just to give you some idea of how horribly deadly this war was, in May, 1864, at the Battle of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania, Grant lost an estimated 30,000 men and Lee lost approximately 20,000.  In June, 1864 at Cold Harbor, Grant lost 8,000 in a few hours and another 8,000 at Petersburg in four days of fighting.  This does not include all the Confederate losses. 

 

I maintain that this next event is the worst thing that could have happened for the South.  On April 14, 1865, while attending the play, “Our American Cousin,” at Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C., Lincoln was SHOT by JOHN WILKES BOOTH.  Lincoln died shortly after.  His Vice-president, Andrew Johnson, was sworn in as President. 

 

RESULTS OF THE WAR:  Over 600,000 men died of war or disease.  Overall, over a million were killed or wounded.  Monetary cost:  about 15 billion dollars.  Lincoln saw the Union victory as a “victory of federalism over states’ rights.”  Also, slavery was brought to an end.

 

Both the North and the South had drafted men into their armies after approximately a year of fighting.  Volunteerism had been used in the beginning. 

 

The Union army financed the war by a tariff, excise tax, our first income tax, bonds, and by issuing “greenbacks.” 

 

The Confederacy initially attempted to finance the war by exporting cotton to Europe, but the Union blockade stopped this.  The South also used a sales tax, bonds, and issuing paper money.

 

Lincoln had had to deal with a group of Republicans that opposed Lincoln’s efforts.  These are known as RADICAL REPUBLICANS.  Some of them were Benjamin F. Wade, Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens.  They had wanted Lincoln to abolish slavery at the beginning of the war.

 

There were also the “Peace Democrats” who were also called “Copperheads.”  Lincoln had made a Democrat, Edwin M. Stanton, his Secretary of War in 1862. 

 

RECONSTRUCTION

 

There will be two types of Reconstruction:  Presidential and Congressional

 

PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION:  Is that period of Reconstruction when the President controlled it.

Lincoln had developed a plan for bringing the defeated southern states back into the Union once they had been defeated.  This plan was known as Reconstruction.  It was the rebuilding of the South politically, physically, economically, and socially.  The process started as early as 1863 when some of the Confederate states were defeated.  The official period of Reconstruction is 1865-1877. 

 

Lincoln’s plan will we known as the Ten Percent Plan.  When 10% of the 1860 electorate  of the defeated Confederate state had taken an oath of loyalty to the Union and recognized emancipation, that state could be re-admitted to the Union.  This was a very LENIENT plan, and was such because Lincoln had believed that the southern states had never left the Union.  The Radical Republicans do not like this.  They believed the southern states should be punished severely.  Lincoln has to contend with them.

 

After Lincoln’s death, Andrew Johnson has his own plan which was as LENIENT as Lincoln’s. 

 

The Radicals will offer their own plan, the Wade-Davis Bill, but Lincoln rejects (pocket-vetoes) this bill.  It called for a majority of the 1860 electorate to take an oath of loyalty. 

 

You have developing a conflict between Congress and the President as to who has the authority to administer Reconstruction. 

 

After Lincoln’s death, President Johnson finds himself in constant conflict with the Radical Republicans, and he make the situation worse with some of his actions that greatly angered the Radicals. 

 

The CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS OF 1866:  In these congressional elections, the Radicals in congress won a majority and this allows them to now CONTROL RECONSTRUCTION.

 

CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION 

 

One their first actions was the passage of the Reconstruction Act of 1867.  It divided the 10 states that had not been reconstructed at this time into 5 military districts with an army general to administer these and military troops to carry out his orders. (GOOGLE THIS ACT)  This certainly angered the white south. 

 

There will be numerous acts passed by Congress during this period.

 

THREE IMPORTANT AMENDMENTS DURING RECONSTRUCTION

13^th Amendment:  abolishes slavery

14^th Amendment:  guarantees citizenship to the former slaves

15^th Amendment:  guarantees the right to vote

 

African-Americans gained the right to vote and many African-Americans were elected to public office for the first time.  Blanche K. Bruce and Hiram Revels were two black senators elected from Mississippi. 

 

Two groups who were strongly disliked by white southerners during this period were the carpetbaggers and scalawags.  Carpetbaggers where northerners who had come to the South during Reconstruction supposedly carrying all they owned in a carpetbag. Some came seeking business and political opportunities; some were dishonest.    A scalawag was a white southerner who supported the Republican Party 

 

The Republican Party was strongly disliked in the South because it was the party that had franchised blacks and disfranchised many whites.  It was the party of Reconstruction.  African-Americans supported the Republican Party, which is understandable, along with the carpetbaggers and scalawags. 

 

The Ku Klux Klan was founded in Pulaski, Tennessee in 1866 and becomes a powerful group among whites opposed to the changes brought by the Republican Party during Reconstruction.

 

Toward the end of Reconstruction, whites in the South began to regain much of the political power they had lost.  They did so through various tactics such as the “grandfather clause” and the “poll tax” which placed voting requirements on African-Americans.  In other words, the gains that African-Americans had made during Reconstruction were being lost. 

 

READ ABOUT THE IMPEACHMENT OF ANDREW JOHNSON

 

READ ABOUT THE FREEDMEN’S BUREAU

 

ELECTION OF 1868:  Ulysses S. Grant elected President and again in 1872.

 

ELECTION OF 1876:  This election resulted in some disputed ballots that were cast and resulted in a compromise between the Republicans and the Democrats.  Rutherford B. Hayes, the Republican candidate was chosen by a special Electoral Commission chosen by Congress to be President.  The compromise that resulted in Hayes being chosen will be known as the COMPROMISE OF 1877.  It will effectively bring RECONSTRUCTION to an end. 

 

READ ABOUT THE ELECTION OF 1876 AND THE COMPROMISE OF

April 22, 2013
POST WORLD WAR II

1945

• United Nations established
• Following WWII, the eastern European countries occupied by the U.S.S.R. during the war continue to be occupied by the USSR
• US/Soviet conflict over Iran (oil and access to the Middle East were issues)

1946

• March, Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech

1947

• George F. Kennan introduces the word "CONTAINMENT" which becomes the key approach to the US foreign policy toward the spread of communism.  The US wants to "contain" it; i.e., not let it spread.
• March, TRUMAN DOCTRINE:  US policy "to support free peoples who were resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure":  This was adopted by the US as a result of the need to protect Greece and Turkey from communism.  COLD WAR begins.
• COLD WAR:  the political tension that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union after WWII.  Due largely to Joseph Stalin's failing to keep promises to withdraw Soviet forces from eastern European countries.
• June: MARSHALL PLAN adopted by US toward European countries following WWII; it was an economic plan to reconstruct European countries following WWII; the Soviet Union refused to allow it in those eastern European countries that it continued to control.
• United Nations recommends that Palenstine be divided into a Jewish state and an Arab state;  the Arabs reject this.

1948

• June:  Berlin Airlift due to actions taken by the Soviet Union in regard to the divided Germany.
• Nation of Israel created in May; war breaks out between teh Arabs and the Jews; war lasts until 1949
• HARRY TRUMAN ELECTED PRESIDENT

1949

• May:  US, GB, and France create German Federal Republic; Soviets create German Democratic Republic in October and is under Soviet control
• April:  NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) created (1955: Soviets create their version called the WARSAW PACT)
• October:  People's Republic of China created; Chiang Kai-shek flees to Formosa (Taiwan).

1950

• North Korea invades South Korea; starts the Korean War (Conflict); lasts until 1953 when an armistice signed; still in effect today.

1952

• DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER ELECTED PRESIDENT

1953

• Stalin died; internal struggle for power; last until 1955 when Nikita Khrushchev emerges as leader of USSR

1956

• Khrushchev's de-Stalinization policy announced; Hungarian revolution against communism; Suez Crisis
• EISENHOWER RE-ELECTED PRESIDENT
• US supplies the South Vietnamese army in its civil war against the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese army

1957

• USSR puts Sputnik into orbit
• US begins strong focus on math and science in public schools

1958

• US launches Explorer I

1960

• JOHN F. KENNEDY ELECTED PRESIDENT; LYNDON JOHNSON VICE-PRESIDENT

1961

• BERLIN WALL built by Soviets
• Kennedy increases military aid to South Vietnam and sent 10,000 military advisors to help
• April:  Bay of Pigs incident

1962

• CUBAN MISSLE CRISIS between the US and USSR due to the Soviets putting missles in Cuba

1963

• Diem of South Vietnam overthrown and assassinated by South Vietnamese generals
• President Kennedy assassinated; Johnson beccomes President

1964

• GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION by Congress;  gives President Johnson authority to introduce combat troops in South Viet Nam

1965

• US begins bombing NVN; NVN army troops enter SVN
• March:  first US Marines in a combat role in SVN

550,000 US troops will be invovled in Vietnam at the height of US involvement there.

1968

• President Johnson will not seek re-election; growing opposition to the war in the US and growing Civil Rights tension affects his decision.
• RICHARD NIXON ELECTED PRESIDENT; Nixon announces the transferral of combat operations to South Vietnamese army; means the gradual phasing out of U.S. troops but US airpower would support SV troops

1973

• PARIS PEACE ACCORDS;  NV troops could remain in SVN;  NLF recognized as a legitimate political group in SVN; US could continue to supply SVN militarily; US combat troops to leave.

EFFECTS OF VIETNAM WAR

• 58,000 U.S. troops died
• 300,000 wounded
• $150 billion spent
• Was longest war to that time

ADDITIONAL TERMS

• Montgomery Bus Boycott
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
• Joseph McCarthy
• Civil Rights Act of 1964: outlaws discrimination in public accomodations and by employers.  It also adid the federal government in desegregation of schools and in the protection of voting rights.

April 15, 2013

In the 1930s, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) had attempted to establish better relations with the Soviet Union (USSR) by formally recognizing it in 1933.  He had also established the "Good Neighbor Policy" with Latin America and showed his seriousness when he withdrew troops from Haiti in 1934.  He also renounced the Platt Amendment with Cuba and would not interfere in Mexico when Mexico nationalized U.S. oil companies in 1937. 

In 1934, the Nye Commission had reported that American bankers who had loaned money to the Allies in World War I and also sold them munitions had conspired with President Wilson to go to war.  This added to the continuing disillusionment that resulted after World War I.  Over the next several years, the U.S. Congress passed several neutrality acts that prevented the United States from selling munitions to countries at war.  One of these acts prevented American ships from sailing into war zones and prevented loans to belligerents and prevented Americans from sailing on belligerent ships.  There was also an embargo on oil, steel, and rubber to these nations.  A Cash and Carry policy was adopted in regard to selling to these products to belligerents (those nations fighting).  It meant that those nations could pay cash for their supplies and carry transport them in their own ships.  Most Americans did not want to become involved in the war; there was a strong isolationist view in the United States.

KEY INTERNATIONAL EVENTS OF THE 1930S:

• 1931:  Japan seized Manchuria
• 1933:  Hitler became Chancellor of Germany
• 1935:  Mussolini of Italy invades Ethiopia
• 1936:  Hitler rearms the Rhineland in Germany in violation of the Treaty of Versailles
• 1937:  Japan invaded China
• March, 1938: Anschluss (Annexation of Austria); the musical, "The Sound of Music" is based upon this event.
• September, 1938: Appeasement of Hitler with the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia (Munich Conference)
• 1939:  Hitler takes all of Czechoslovakia, Mussolini takes Albania, Germany and Soviet Union sign a nonaggression treaty with each other and SEPTEMBER 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland from the West and the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the East.  Hitler's invasion STARTS WORLD WAR II.  Britain and France declare war on Germany.
• 1940:  France fell, Battle of Britain begins, JAPAN SEIZES BASES IN INDOCHINA(U.S. cuts off steel and scrap metal to Japan), Japan signs the TRIPARTITE PACT with Germany and Italy.  Congress passed the DESTROYER DEAL, allowing the U.S. to sell older U.S. destroyers to Britain; FDR commits to supply the Allies.  Congress authorizes the first peacetime draft.  FDR re-elected for third term.
• 1941:  Congress passes the LEND-LEASE ACT, allowing the U.S. to lend or lease supplies to the British. 
• America First Committee organized to oppose FDR's policies (some members were Charles Lindbergh, William Howard Taft, and Norman Thomas).
• June: Japan takes all of French Indochina/U.S. cuts off oil to Japan and the U.S. demands Japanese withdrawal; Japan decides to go to war with the United States. 
• August:  ATLANTIC CHARTER (8-point statement of war aims) signed between FDR and Winston Churchill (Look it up in your text).
• Several incidents occurred between the United States Navy and Germany and Japan during this period (USS Kearny and USS Ruben James).  Neutrality Acts repealed.
• DECEMBER 7, 1941:  JAPAN ATTACKED THE UNITED STATES AT PEARL HARBOR, HAWAII.
• December 8, 1941:  United States declares war on Japan; December 11:  Germany and Italy declare war on the United States
• FDR now had to begin coordinating the war with Churchill and Joseph Stalin.
• The United States' conversion to a wartime economy was amazing.  (READ ABOUT IT IN YOUR TEXT).

KEY EVENTS IN THE WAR IN EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA:  It will be your responsibility to read and identify the events/terms that I do not identify.

• June, 1941:  Hitler invades the Soviet Union.  This ends their non-aggression pact with each other.
• April, 1942:  DOOLITTLE RAID:  U.S. attacks Japan from aircraft carriers in the Pacific, but the immediate focus will be in Europe.
• November, 1942:  Operation Torch, the U.S. invades North Africa
• Invasion of Sicily and Italy following victory in North Africa
• Stalin wants a SECOND FRONT opened in western Europe to take pressure off of the Soviet Union in the east. 
• OPERATION OVERLORD, June 6, 1944, also known as the NORMANDY INVASION, the invasion of western Europe by the Allies (United States, Great Britain, Free French, Canada).  This is the second front that Stalin had long wanted and will be the beginning of the end for Germany.  This is the largest amphibious invasion in history.  It took place at French beaches code named Omaha, Utah, Sword, and Juno.
• November, 1944:  FDR re-elected to 4th term as President.
• The Battle of the Bulge
• April 12, 1945:  FDR died
• May 7, 1945:  Germany surrenders
• May 8, 1945:  V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day)

KEY POLITICAL LEADERS IN WORLD WAR II

• President Franklin Roosevelt
• Prime Minister Winston Churchill
• Adolph Hitler
• Benito Mussolini
• Joseph Stalin
• Emperor Hirohito
• Hideki Tojo
• President Harry Truman

KEY AMERICAN MILITARY LEADERS

• General Dwight D. Eisenhower
• General George C. Patton
• General Omar Bradley
• General George C. Marshall
• Admiral Chester Nimitz
• General Douglas MacArthur

MAJOR PACIFIC BATTLES OF WWII

• Battle of Guadalcanal
• Battle of Coral Sea
• Battle of Midway
• Battle of Saipan
• Battle of Iwo Jima
• Battle of Okinawa

OTHER SIGNIFICANT EVENTS OF THE PACIFIC WAR

• Flight of the Enola Gay
• August 6, 1945:  Dropping of first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan
• August 9, 1945:  Dropping of second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan
• August 14, 1945:  Japan surrenders
• August 15, 1945: V-J Day (Victory over Japan Day)
• September 2, 1945:  Official Japanese surrender aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, Japan

MANHATTAN PROJECT

KEY WARTIME CONFERENCES

• Casablanca Conference
• Teheran Conference
• YALTA CONFERENCE
• POTSDAM CONFERENCE

OTHER NOTES WILL FOLLOW

March 4, 2013........World War I Terms
1. 4 underlying causes
2. Immediate cause
3. Reasons for U.S. entry into the war
    a. Lusitania sinking
    b. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
    c. Zimmermann Telegram
Other Terms
4. Selective Service Act
5. War Industries Board
6. Committee on Public Safety
    a. Espionage Act
    b. Sedition Act
7. Wilson's Fourteen Points
8. November 11, 1918....Armistice
9. Treaty of Versailles
10. Article 231
11. Henry Cabot Lodge
12. Bolshevik Revolution

These additional notes pertain to Theodore Roosevelt and can be on your next exam:
1. The system of checks and balances did not keep him from attempting to achieve what he
    wanted. At times he would ignore the constitution.
2. Was very involved in foreign affairs:
     a. 1901: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty with Britain giving the U.S. a free hand to build an isthmian
         canal.
     b. Decided on building a canal in Panama
     c. Senator Mark Hanna persuaded Senate to accept the Panama route
     d. Treaty with Colombia rejected by the Colombian senate; Panama was Colombian territory at     
         this time.
     e. With the help of the U.S. Navy, the Panamanians rebelled against Colombia in 1903
     f.  Theodore Roosevelt immediately recognized the Panamanian government
     g. Panama gained independence;  U.S. negotiated treaty, the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty:  the U.S.
         paid an initial amount plus an annual payment to Panama for a 6-10 mile wide wide area of land
         across Panama from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
     h. Building started in 1904 and was completed in 1914. 
     i. Colonel George Goethals in charge of building it
     j. Colonel William C. Gorgas cleared the area of the mosquito carrying yellow fever
     k. First U.S. president to leave the U.S. for foreign soil when he went to Panama in 1906.
3.  The image of the U.S. was damaged  in Latin America.
4.  Roosevelt's pet proverb was "Speak softly and carry a big stick." 
5.  The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1905 and further damaged the U.S. image in
     Latin America; this makes the U.S. the POLICEMAN OF THE CARIBBEAN.  The U.S. could    
     intervene in Latin American countries if they got themselves into financial difficulty.
6. Negotiated the TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH between Russia and Japan in 1905 ending the Russo
    -Japanese War.
    a. The U.S. and Japan will now become rivals in Asia
    b. Gentlemen's Agreement between U.S. and Japan in 1906; T.R. sent U.S. navy on an around-the-
        world tour to show U.S. strength to Japan in 1907; painted ships white, the "Great White Fleet"
        and one stop was in Japan.
    c. Root-Takhira Agreement between U.S. and Japan in 1908
7. President Taft's approach to foreign policy was called DOLLAR DIPLOMACY.

MAKE SURE YOU READ THE CHAPTER THAT COVERS THIS PERIOD AND THESE EVENTS

WOODROW WILSON'S PRESIDENCY
1. His objective goals as President were to reform the TARIFF, the BANKS, and the TRUSTS; he
    attacked the tariff first, then the banking system, and then the trusts. 
2. Much progressive legislation was passed in Wilson's presidency; appointed LOUIS BRANDEIS to
    the Supreme Court; he was the first Jewish justice.
3. Wilson did not follow Roosevelt's nor Taft's foreign policy approaches.
4. U.S. became involved in Mexico during Wilson's presidency.

MORE EVENTS LEADING TO CIVIL WAR

UNCLE TOM'S CABIN:  Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, its portrayal of southern treatment of slaves angered southerners.

"THE LIBERATOR":  Militant abolitionist paper whose editor was William Lloyd Garrison

LEADERS OF SLAVE REVOLTS:  Gabriel Prosser, Nat Turner, Denmark Vesey

ABOLITIONISTS:  James G. Birney,  Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison

"BLEEDING KANSAS":

JOHN BROWN'S RAID:

DRED SCOTT DECISION, 1857:  Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, a southerner, wrote this decision, hoping to end the debate over slavery; instead, he only inflamed it more.  By a 7 to 2 decsion, the Supreme Court ruled that slaves were not citizens, therefore, Dred Scott could not sue in a federal court. It also ruled that slaves are property and because of that, the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was unconstitutional because it prevented slave owners from taking their slaves above 36 degrees, 30 minutes latitude. 


CIVIL WAR

South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union (United States) if Abraham Lincoln was elected President.  As you know, he was elected in 1860.  By April, 1861, eleven southern states had seceded.  They had created the CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA or the Confederacy as the new nation. The first capital of the Confederacy was MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA.  JEFFERSON DAVIS was elected at the President of the Confederacy and Alexander Stephens as Vice-President.    Later, the capital is moved to Richmond, Virginia.

FIRING ON FORT SUMTER, April,1861:  This starts the Civil War, also called the War Between the States.  Ft. Sumter is located in Charleston, South Carolina and was a federal fort. 

LINCOLN'S REASON FOR FIGHTING IN 1861:  To preserve the Union; With the issuing of the EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION  in 1863, the purpose for fighting became to END SLAVERY.

ROBERT E. LEE:  Is appointed as the commander of the Army of Northern Virginia and is recognized as the foremost Confederate general of the Civil War. 

ULYSSES S. GRANT:  Eventually becomes commander of the Union forces.  He will accept Lee's surrender at Appomattox.

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, 1863:  Lincoln's proclamation that all slaves in states now under the control of Union forces were free.  This now changes the Union's reason for fighting to being to preserve the Union and to end slavery.

APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE, April, 1865:  Where General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant, ENDING THE CIVIL WAR

LINCOLN'S ASSASSINATION:  April, 14, 1865:  John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C. as Lincoln and his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, were attending a play, "Our American Cousin."   Lincoln died early the next morning.  This will be the worst thing that could have happened to the South. 

RECONSTRUCTION:  The name given to the period when defeated southern states were being reconstructed politically, socially, and economically.  This period started while the war was being fought, but the official dates for it are 1865-1877.  There were two periods of Reconstruction:  PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION and CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION.

KEY EVENTS LEADING TO THE CIVIL WAR

It is important to remember that the tariff was an issue between various sections of the country during the first half of the 1800s.  In other words, slavery was not the only issue to divide the sections.

MISSOURI COMPROMISE, 1820:  Would admit Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state; would keep balance in the Senate at 12 for each section; slavery will be prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of the line of 36 degrees, 30 minutes, which is the southern boundary of Missouri; Jefferson referred to it as the "knell of the Union."  This compromise was largely the work of Henry Clay.

TARIFF OF 1828, also known as the TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS:  Very high tariff, 45 percent on some manufactured goods; sutherners very angry; South Carolina leaders attacked it and the SC legislature issued the SOUTH CAROLINA EXPOSITION that denounced the tariff as unconstitutional and called upon the states to NULLIFY it.  Secretly written by John C. Calhoun.  Only SC supported it but it shows division among the sections. 

WEBSTER-HAYNE DEBATE:  Sectionalism is certainly seen in these debates.....It started over the issue of the sale of western lands but evolved into a debate over the union versus states' rights.  It also pointed out the growing differences between Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun

JACKSON'S ATTACK ON THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES:  Jackson's taking government funds out of the BUS and distributing in what become known as his "Pet Banks" will eventually result in the PANIC OF 1837, along with other causes, which President Van Buren will have to deal with.

WHIG PARTY formed from those who oppose Jackson.

ELECTION OF 1836:  Martin Van Buren, Democrat, elected; defeated Whig candidate, William Henry Harrison

ELECTION OF 1840:  Whigs elect William Henry Harrison; he dies shortly; Vice-president John Tyler, becomes President.  He was NOT strong Whig.  This was the first election to experience a mass turnout.

ELECTION OF 1844:  Democrats elect James K. Polk who supports expansion: the annexation of Texas and expansion into Oregon; Henry Clay was defeated; he opposed expansion.

MANIFEST DESTINY:  that growing belief in the 1840s that the U.S. was destined to expand to the Pacific Ocean

MEXICAN WAR, 1846-48:  Treaty of Guadalupe gave the U.S. the Rio Grande River as the southern boundary of Texas, California, the area that is today New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.  The U.S. would  make a payment to Mexico.  Whigs opposed the Senate ratification for fear of expansion of slavery into the new territories.

WILMOT PROVISO:  attempted to prevent the extension of slavery into the lands acquired fromMexico.  Southern senators blocked its passage;  Increases division between the sections.

ELECTION OF 1848:  Whigs elect Zachary Taylor, having passed over Henry Clay as their candidate.  Very close election due to the Free-soil party splitting the vote. Taylor will later die in office and Millard Fillmore became President.  This will contribute to the passage of the Compromise of 1850.

FREE-SOIL PARTY:  formed by anti-slavery men from the north who opposed Zachary Taylor.  Made up of these Whigs and Democrats. Chose Martin Van Buren as their candidate who campaigned on the slogan, "Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men."  Again, you can see the slavery issue is divisive.

GOLD DISCOVERED IN CALIFORNIA IN 1848

COMPROMISE OF 1850:  California had applied for statehood as a free state in 1849.  Southerners oppose b/c this would upset the 15 to 15 balance in the Senate.  Southerners were feeling that they were losing territory into which slavery could be extended; of course, those who oppose slavery support this.  Northerners have continued to call for the ABOLITION OF SLAVERY in the District of Columbia, and this angers southerners.  The UNDERGROUND RAILROAD is helping more and more slaves escape from the South.  Southerners want a stronger FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW. 

When California applied for statehood, the issue of slavery would now have to be debated in the U.S. Congress.  Henry Clay once again stepped in and offered a compromise, the Compromise of 1850.
Key Provisions:  California to be admitted as a FREE state; the slave trade would be outlawed in the Disrict of Columbia but slavery allowed; a FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW was established; Texas gave up some claims in the New Mexico Territory and received monetary compensation.

Many believed the North won in this; the Fugitive Slave Law was not enforced.


ELECTION OF 1852:  Democrats nominate Franklin Pierce who was a pro-southern northerner which makes him acceptable to the slavery wing of the Democratic Party.  Whigs nominate Winfield Scott.  The Whig Party split.  Pierce won by a landslide.  This election ended the Whigs as an organized political party.  Both Henry Clay and Daniel Webster had died during this campaign. 

Following this election, the political parties are said to have become "sectional parties."

OTHER ISSUES:  Problems with Britain in Central America, problems with Spain over Cuba, establishnent of a trade agreement with Japan in the Treaty of Kanagawa. 

KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT:  Proposed by Stephen A. Douglas; he proposed that the Nebraska Territory be divided into two territories of Kansas and Nebraska.  Said the slavery issue would be settled by "POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY," meaning the people would decided by voting.  South sees a chance for slavery to be extended into an area they had never considered, that being Kansas.  Would be a violation of the Missouri Compromise; President Pierce supported; the bill PASSED.  Will end enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law and the Missouri Compromise. 

This will greatly damage the Democrat Party, dividing it into Northern Democrats and Southern Democrats, and will also lead to the creation of the REPUBLICAN PARTY and the KNOW-NOTHING PARTY.

ELECTION OF 1856:  Democrats are able to elect James Buchanan as President.

ELECTION OF 1860:  Republican, ABRAHAM LINCOLN ELECTED. 

NOTES:  11/5/2012

The focus of these notes will be the key events leading to the Civil War, some being more influential than others.

ELECTION OF 1816:  Rufus King will be the last Federalist candidate and was defeated easily.  James Monroe, the Republican candidate, another Virginian, was elected.  This will initiate the "ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS" AND one-party government.

There was a very strong NATIONALISTIC feeling in the U.S. following the War of 1812 as many Americans felt the U.S. had won that war.  Evidence of this nationalism was President Madison's call in his last annual message to Congress in 1815 in which he stressed the need for strong national defenses, protection for manufacturers, and construction of internal improvements such as roads and canals.
Congress will authorize a standing army of 10,000 men and $8,000,000 for new ships.  Also passed the Tariff Act of 1816 to protect U.S. manufacturers......congress re-charters the Bank of the United States.

Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun will strongly promote internal improvements.  Madison believed in this need but he did not believe the federal government had the authority to set aside monies for this purpose.  John C. Calhoun had proposed monies in the BONUS BILL. 

IMPORTANT UNDERSTANDING:  Chief Justice John Marshall was responsible for rulings that greatly increased the power of the federal government.

States do begin to build roads, but most roads in this period were muddy and dusty, especially those in the West.

New states are being created:  Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama (1819).

Americans are moving westward....one in four lived west of the Appalachian Mts. by 1820.

ADAMS-ONIS TREATY, 1819......Spain ceded all its territory east of the Mississippi.....the treaty also fixed a boundary line between all Spanish and American land claims west of the Mississippi in a step look up to the 42nd parallel and westward to the Pacific.

PANIC OF 1819.......leads to a depression....main cause was overexpansion of credit to buy western lands......it hurt the West the most and the poorer in the country.

ELECTION OF 1820.....Monroe re-elected

Republican Party will begin to split by the end of Monroe's presidency.

SECTIONALISM growing due to different economic interests.....Example:  Tariff of 1816 was opposed by the South and Southwest;  New England states, middle states, and west support it.

Slavery was increasingly becoming an issue for the nation.  The TALLMADGE AMENDMENT, introduced in the H.of R. proposed that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri and children born to slaves should gradually be EMANCIPATED.  The Senate defeated the amendment.

MISSOURI COMPROMISE, 1820.....Very important!!!!!!  Largely the work of Henry Clay....it would admit Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state....this would keep the balanced in the Senate.....Slavery was to be prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of the line 36 degrees, 30 minutes.......It was passed.

MONROE DOCTRINE, 1823:  Very important.....READ!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


ELECTION OF 1824:  John Quincy Adams elected......Angers Andrew Jackson's supporters.

TARIFF OF 1828 OR TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS.....South disliked it.....Results in South Carolina issuing the SOUTH CAROLINA EXPOSITION denouncing the tariff as unconstitutional and called upon the states to NULLIFY it.  Secretly written by John C. Calhoun......Only supported by South Carolina.

ELECTION OF 1828:  Andrew Jackson elected.....a very dirty campaign.....the COMMON MAN had elected Jackson....Jackson will increase the power of the presidency more than any president before him......Democratic-Republican Party splits into the NATIONAL REPUBLICAN OF Adams and Clay and the Democratic-Republican Party of Calhoun, Jackson, and Martin Van Buren.

JACKSON'S PRESIDENCY:
1. Great use of Spoils System
2. Webster-Hayne Debates, 1830
3. Re-elected in 1832 by defeating Henry Clay....First third political party introduced:  Anti-Masonic Party....Nominating conventions introduced to nominate candidates rather that party caucuses.....Formal party platforms adopted by the Anti-masons and National Republicans
4. Removal of the five civilized tribes to the West
5. Democratic-Republicans become the Democrats
6. Whig Party begins due to the nullification crisis and the Bank war.  Made up of those who opposed Jackson....Led by Henry Clay and DANIEL WEBSTER.
7. Veto of BUS re-charter bill (sponsored by Henry Clay); Jackson does not like Henry Clay and does not like the Bank of the United States.
8. Tariff of 1832 (MUST READ ABOUT).....Increases South Carolina opposition.....NULLIFICATION proposed again

ELECTION OF 1836:  Whigs have several candidates;  Democrats nominate Maring Van Buren who will be elected by an overwhelming electoral vote but narrow popular vote......He was Jackson's hand-picked successor.

ELECTION OF 1840:  Whigs nominate WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON with JOHN TYLER as his running mate....FIRST ELECTION to experience a MASS TURNOUT.  Harrison WON.  Harrison dies after one month in office due to pneumonia.  TYLER comes PRESIDENT.

TYLER'S PRESIDENCY:  Tyler was NOT a strong Whig and he and Clay strongly disagree and Tyler will continually oppose Henry Clay with the exception of the Tariff of 1842.
The Democratic Party becomes more and more a southern party during Tyler's presidency.  Whigs are more northern.